2.
   2025
/  

(      )
: 3     :100
:     -    ,         
             
-
1. ()    -      
()       ,       
  
2. ()    
  ?         
()        
(c)      '   
-
3. BOP     ? BOP        
4.       ?          
           ?
2.
-
5.                  
       
6.               
-
7. ()           
()       
8.    ,       
2.
   2025
/  

(      )
: 3     :100
:     -    ,         
             
-
1. ()    -      
()       ,       
  
:(a)    -      
              
    -   
         
 
           
   
    
        - 
,             
           
-   
-    :
               
                
           
2.
      '  :




-       -      ,    
        
 
     
    ,       
     ,       
-   :
 -    , ,     

 ,  ,    -   
 
 :
    
    
 ,       
-     
    '  :
1.  ,  ,   
    '       (  )    
      
2. -   
       -  
3.  
       
4.   
       
2.
5.   '   
        

6.  
     

           
     
-         

 
1.  
    
           
 :
      ,     
      ,     
2.  
    
           
 :
        - 
         - 
   ,             
  
-   
     :
1.        
           '     
 
2.   '   
       ,       
 
2.
3.       
               
4.     
 '     
      
 
-   
    ,          
1.     
   :
     
 
   
 ,       
2.    
       
 ,      

3.  
              
 
  ,  ( - ) -    
  ,    :
  -   
   - 
       
4.     
,            

2.
5.   
    , , -    
      

   , -      
               
   ,         
 , 
     '    
()   :   
       -      
 ,        -    

 ,           
    
   (TOT)  
   '       

  ,  
          
   

𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑒 =
𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑠
𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑠
× 100
 
           
          
                
    -     
2.
1.    
             

𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑒 =
𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑠
𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑠
 
 
             


     100       150    
    = 150 / 100 = 1.5
          1.5     

             '
   
2.    
           
         

𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑒 =
𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥
𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥
× 100
 
2.
 
               

   = 120
   = 100
    = (120 / 100) × 100 = 120
            ,     
 

             
3.    
                
 

𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑒 = 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑒 × 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥
 
  :
 
 
   
             

:
    = 120
   = 150
    = 120 × 150 = 180
2.
              

           , 
  
      

        
  
 
                
       '   ,      '
  ,           '   
    
2. ()    
  ?         
()        
(c)      '   
:(a)         
   
                
,       ,           
          
       ,        
             
      ,    ,  '    ,  
    
     '      :
 ( )-    '   
-         ' 
     
   -      
2.
        ,     ,
         
     '    :
1.   
2.  
      -      
   
     
       , ,   
      
   ,            
      
          
              
        
           
   ,           

 
   ()    |
          
1.    
                
       ,         
 
 ,      '     ,   
     '     
2.    
2.
         ,     ' 
             
 
 ,            
  '     
3.     
            ,
         
        
4.   
              
   ,    ,   ,      
      
 
5.    
  
,       ,   
             
   
6.    
    -          
 '   ,         
    ()    |
   ,       
1.   
         ,      
                  

      '   
2.
2. 
       
 ,     
               
3.  
 '           '    
    ,        
4.  
       
        

   ,        
         
5.   
  ,  , ,        
           
6.    
            '  
  ,            
 
()        
        :     
 
               -
    ,              
      
   :
         
           
2.
       :
 
 
     
1.   -       
2. -      
3.     
4.       
5.       
 
  -       - 
 
    ,        
     
     :
1.  -     
2.  -    
3.  -            
    
:              
    
     
1.       
2. -   
3.       
4.     
5.    -       
       

 
 
2.

    
-   

   
-   
 
 
   

  
   

 
 

    
     
 ,       ,       
   
()     
           
   ,
              
       ,  ,       
  
        
 
1.    
         
   
     
   :
  
  
    
 ,          ,  
       
2.     
     
         
  
2.
           :

 
 
 
3.   
               
   
            
  
    ,         
4.   
  
,          
 
 ,           
  
        
5.     
       '       
   
 :
        
     '    
        
 
2.
6.  
  
 ,  -        :




 
-   ,     
7.      
    -            
  
   :
   
 
 
       
8.   
        
   
  :
     
  
  
 ,      

              

       ,      
          
2.
 ,               ,
         ,      
 ,     ,        
 '    
                
 ,     -           
 
-
3. BOP     ? BOP        
:󷇮󷇭  (BOP)  ?
              (, ,
  )      (, , )    , 
      ,    -      
       
    (BOP)            

                
󹵻󹵼󹵽󹵾󹵿󹶀BOP   
           :
1.  
   "   "       :
      (        
      
 )
      ( 
         
)
       (  , ,     )
(             
 ,    )
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔     ,       
    
     ,     
2.
2.  
 "   "      :
      (         
 )
      (          )
  (          )
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔 
           ,     
 
3.   
 " "       :
     (,  , IMF )  
    (  RBI )
             
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔          ,    
            
󽀼󽀽󽁀󽁁󽀾󽁂󽀿󽁃BOP     ?
,             ,    
       BOP    
         (,   ,   ) 
  (,  ,  )     
 :
            ,    
    
       ,       
󹲉󹲊󹲋󹲌󹲍       
           ?    '
 ,       :
1.  
          
             
2.
:   ' "  "    
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  =   
2.  
 ,    , 
      (        ,    '
)
:   '       
  
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  =    
3.      
          
 ,   ,      
:         
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔   
      
4.    
 IMF           
            ,   
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔         
5. -  
-        
 ,      ,  
   
:   " " 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔    ,     
6.       
           
: ,            
 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔       
2.
7.   
 ,        
 
         
:     ,         ,
    
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔        
8.      
              
 
             
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔           
󷘹󷘴󷘵󷘶󷘷󷘸 
 ,                :
1.  -    
2.  -   
3.   -  
       
 ,  
     
 ,     :
  ,   
   
-     
   
   
     
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  
BOP               
     ,       '    
,            ,   
  
 
2.
4.       ?          
           ?
:   
  ,                 
                 

     ,         
   
 ,   1   = 83         
    1         ,   83 
                
              
     ,   -       , 
               
        
 
 ,          ,    
    ,            ,
    , , -      
  
    (       )      
                 

  ,         
  
,       -  
   
 ,           :
1   = 80  
          ,      ' 
   
      
1.  :         
  
2.
2. :       
3.   :          
 
4.  :         ,  

 

     
   - 
 
    

     
       
       
 
  
    (       )     
                
 
  ,     
   ,   
       
 ,          ,    
     ,    
      
1.  :         
2.    
:   
3.   :    '   

4.  :     
  '
 

   
 
      
       
2.

   -   
      
     
       

  
  

    

     


 
 -  
 
  
-  
 

   
   


  

  
  ,          ,   
             
         
     ,         
    
                 
   ,       -     
          
1.    
      ,           , 
                

          
2.    
        ,         
        '      
2.
3.      
                 
         
4.  
          :
 
 
   
          

            

            
 
  '       :      
     ,          ,
      ,        
      ,           
        
    
        ,    
       
-
5.                  
       
:󹳰󹳱󹳲󹳳󹳴󹳸󹳹󹳵󹳶󹳷   ?
,    ,              
      
 :
2.
     
,     
   
   
 ,            (, , , ), 
      -  
󹺢         
        :

 

,    
    

 -    '   
    

   ()

 ,   
,    
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔 :   =        =    
 
󹵈󹵉󹵊           
        
    (  ,
,  ) ,             :
1.    , ,  ,    -   
          
    
    (   
)   
2.            
   , ,     
      
3.     ,    
  
     ,      
    
4.          
      (      
 )       
2.
5.    ,  ,      
              
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔    ,      
  -  
 ,        
󹴄󹴅󹴆󹴇               |
,   (  , , )  ?      
           
?
1.         ,  , 
   (     )   
     
2.     ,         
 ,             
3.       ,       
   
       
4.           ' 
       
      
  
5.             
       '        
             
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  ,       ,   
     
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  
          ,    
 
           -      
 ,          
    , 
  
6.               
:     
               ,
            
1.      
2.
    '              
     , ,        

   , , ,       '   
2. -
   ,    '  '  ,     '   
   
   -        

3.    
          
   
       ,      
4.    
             
,     ,        
    
5.   '   
             

,                 

    
                   
       
1.  
     
     :
 ( , ,  )
-  (, ,    )
  
               ,  ' 
 ,         
2.
2.  
     , ,  ,     
 -  '          
               
3.  
          
   ,
                
,     '     
4.   
               
      , ,    
 
5.   
              

,    ,      
    
   
               
                
      
 
1.       
                 
             
  
2.   
               
  
 ,            
3.   
2.
    ,   '        
         
      

4.   
             ,
,     '       
 
5.   
           
             
   
6.   
                , 
        

            
   
          ,    ,   
 ,              
 
    -         
    ,  ,  ,      

-
7. ()           
()       
:       
        
    - ,       ,    
       , , ,     
    
2.
    :    , ,   ,   
             
       -   ,      
 
 
󽆪󽆫󽆬 A:        
   ""      ,    
     :
1.  ()
      
       
  
 ,           
         
 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔       :         
      ,           
  
2. 
   '           ,    
  
           
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔           
   
 
 -  
       
3. 
         
             
  
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔         ,      
    
 
4. 
          
 ,  ,         

2.
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔     '     ,   
     
5.  (  )
        
 
    '     ,     
 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔   
₹80     ₹100    -   
6. 
            
   
       ,    
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔       
   
  
   
 
7.     -
 , ,    
 
        
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔   '           

,     
8. 
             
 ,    ,          
 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  '      -    
 
󹶪󹶫󹶬󹶭 :   
 ""              
"   "         ,  
          :
1.   
       
    
 ,   
2.
   
     
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:   ,       

2.   
       ,      
 
    
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:            '   
3.   
             
 ,    '       (TDS)
      
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔    
4.    
             
        
 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔            
  (     )
  ,         :
a)   
           
         ,   
b)   
         
 ,        
c)    
        '  

2.
            , 
,  ,  , 
d)   
       
       
e)   
    

 ,           


󷘹󷘴󷘵󷘶󷘷󷘸      
  
                 
 
    (    ,    
 ),        ,       
 - ,   ,    
 
       '    -    
 
  ,      
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  
    
 -          
       ,    

 ,            
8.    ,       
:            
                
 
          
 
 ,  , , ,            
           
         
     
  ,           
   ,       
  ,   
2.
             ,  ,
       
   
   '             
       :
1.     
            ,  , ,
,     '    ,      

    ,         
               
 
2.       
                ,
, ,              
      ,         
             
 
3.    
               
   ,     ,      
            
4.     
,  , ,     ,      
             
     
5.    
 ,  ,         
               
          
   
            

       
   :
2.
1.      
               
 , ,          
           
2.         
    -        
       ,         
    
3.       
       ,         
             
4.      
   ,  ,      
          ,     ' 
    
5.       
      ,        
       
   
       ,      '    
 
1.    
     ,     '       ,  
            
           
2.   ' 
     ,    
     
    '  
  
     
   
  
2.
3.    ' 
     '           
      ,        
 
4.   
             ,   
          
    '
  
 
5.    ' 
          ,     '
             

 ,             ,
              
,             
,      ,     
      
 ,             
    ,         
           ,     
   '     
"               
 
       ,       
 "